Science bits

A list of phytochemicals and their cancer-fighting properties based on scientific research studies:

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Allicin

• one of the most biologically active phytochemical in freshly crushed garlic
• demonstrates an inhibitory effect on the growth of tumours and the migration and invasion of carcinoma cells
• inhibits cell proliferation also induces apoptosis in various carcinoma cells
• may be an ideal enhancer to chemotherapy due to its anti-carcinogenic properties
• strengthens the immune system which is crucial for cancer prevention

Allicin: Chemistry and Biological Properties
Allicin suppresses the migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells mainly by inhibiting NRF2
Allicin sensitizes hepatocellular cancer cells to anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorouracil through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway
Allicin Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion in Vitro and in Vivo via SHP-1-Mediated STAT3 Signaling in Cholangiocarcinoma
The apoptotic effect of allicin in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells: role for ATF3

ANTHOCYANINS

• inhibit the cancer cell growth and metastasis
• may change pharmacokinetics and reverse multi-drug resistance
• shown to have antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti‐mutagenic properties

Health benefits of anthocyanins and molecular mechanisms: Update from recent decade

Health benefits of anthocyanins and molecular mechanisms: Update from recent decade
Anthocyanins as Key Phytochemicals Acting for the Prevention of Metabolic Diseases: An Overview
Deciphering the Nutraceutical Potential of Raphanus sativus—A Comprehensive Overview
Effects of anthocyanins on the prevention and treatment of cancer
Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds
Anthocyanins-Smart Molecules for Cancer Prevention
Anthocyanins in Apple Fruit and Their Regulation for Health Benefits

Apigenin

• suppresses cell migration and invasion and induces cell cycle arrest
• inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells by triggering cell apoptosis
• demonstrated anti-carcinogenic properties through regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress and DNA damage, suppression of inflammation and angiogenesis, retardation of cell proliferation, and induction of autophagy and apoptosis
• has the potential be to be developed as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for cancer therapy
• shown to inhibit E2-induced DNA synthesis and proliferation of ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells

Phytoestrogens and breast cancer –promoters or protectors?
Apigenin in cancer therapy: anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of action
Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention via the Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy
The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin

BETA-GLUCAN

• decreases tumour cell growth by inducing apoptosis
• enhances the immune system and increases cellular immunity
• inhibits cell proliferation, cell migration and cell invasion
• increases the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to the doxorubicin treatment
• inhibits the growth of pathogens
• prevents inflammation
• reduces cholesterol and glucose concentration in the blood
• shows antioxidant properties

The effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricales mushrooms and other medicinal fungi on breast cancer: Evidence-based medicine
Agaricus bisporus β-(1 → 6)-d-glucan induces M1 phenotype on macrophages and increases sensitivity to doxorubicin of triple negative breast cancer cells
Nutraceutical functions of beta-glucans in human nutrition
Antioxidant and functional properties of ß-glucan extracted from edible mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus streatus, and Coprinus atramentarius

Caffeic acid

• reported to possess antioxidant property in normal cells and pro-oxidant property in cancer cells. This pro-oxidant-mediated oxidative DNA damage and its downstream signalling induces apoptotic cancer cell death
• CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester) inhibits MDA-231 (a model of triple-negative BC) and MCF-7 (hormone receptor positive, HR+) human breast cancer growth through its apoptotic effects and induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and angiogenesis
• CAPE down-regulates mdr-1 gene, considered responsible for the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE), Derived from a Honeybee Product Propolis, Exhibits a Diversity of Anti-tumor Effects in Preclinical Models of Human Breast Cancer
Caffeic Acid Expands Anti-Tumor Effect of Metformin in Human Metastatic Cervical Carcinoma HTB-34 Cells: Implications of AMPK Activation and Impairment of Fatty Acids De Novo Biosynthesis

Carotenoids: beta -carotene

• strong antioxidants that neutralise free radicals in the body and reduce DNA damage
• shown to have inhibition mutagenesis activity contributing to decrease risk of some cancers
• reduce the risk of more aggressive breast cancer
• inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest in different phases and increase apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines
• especially beneficial for premenopausal women

Plasma carotenoids and risk of breast cancer over 20 y of follow-up
Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of eight prospective studies
Lycopene and Beta-carotene Induce Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Dietary Carotenoids and the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer

Choline

• reported to be protective for cancer and that its consumption lowers cancer incidence
• higher intake of choline was associated with reduced risk of breast cancer and also with reduced breast cancer specific mortality

Choline and betaine consumption lowers cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies
High intakes of choline and betaine reduce breast cancer mortality in a population-based study

CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA)

• shows major inhibitory effect on aromatase
• potential chemo-preventive agent against hormone-dependent breast cancer
• decreases oestrogen levels
• was found to down-regulate cell proliferation in breast cancer
• reduces risk of oestrogen receptor (ER) negative tumour in in premenopausal women

Anti-Aromatase Activity of Phytochemicals in White Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
The Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acids on Cancer

Curcumin

• inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells
• induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase
• enhances the efficiency of chemotherapy
• demonstrates the capacity to reverse chemotherapeutic resistance in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells
• highly cytotoxic towards various cancer cell lines in vitro
• reduces the side effects of chemo and radiotherapy and therefore improves patients’ quality of life
• increases patient survival and decreases tumour marker concentration

The Effect of Curcumin on Breast Cancer Cells
Curcumin Combination Chemotherapy: The Implication and Efficacy in Cancer
Curcumin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells
Curcumin: the spicy modulator of breast carcinogenesis
Curcumin reverses doxorubicin resistance via inhibition the efflux function of ABCB4 in doxorubicin‑resistant breast cancer cells
Clinical effects of curcumin in enhancing cancer therapy: A systematic review
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A Review

Delphinidin

• may potentially suppress breast carcinogenesis
• shown to suppress cell proliferation and induce programmed cells death and autophagy in HER2 positive breast cancer cells

Delphinidin induced protective autophagy via mTOR pathway suppression and AMPK pathway activation in HER-2 positive breast cancer cells
Delphinidin and cyanidin exhibit antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in MCF7 human breast cancer cells
Delphinidin suppresses breast carcinogenesis through the HOTAIR/microRNA-34a axis

Enterolactone

• reported to have an anti-tumour and anti-proliferative effect
• may reduce the risk of breast and prostate cancer as well as cardiovascular disease
• exhibits a significant anti-metastatic effect and is a promising target for breast cancer metastasis therapy

A Single Dose of Enterolactone Activates Estrogen Signaling and Regulates Expression of Circadian Clock Genes in Mice
Inhibitory Effects of Enterolactone on Growth and Metastasis in Human Breast Cancer
Enterolactone modulates the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to revert the TGF-β-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Lignans and health

ERGOSTEROL

• shows a significant inhibitory effect on tumour growth
• strongly reduces migration of human cancer cells/strong anti-migratory effect on human cancer cells

The effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricales mushrooms and other medicinal fungi on breast cancer: Evidence-based medicine
Anticancer Activities of Mushrooms: A Neglected Source for Drug Discovery
The effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricales mushrooms and other medicinal fungi on breast cancer: Evidence-based medicine

Flavonoids

• reported to have chemo-preventive effects in oestrogen-dependent or independent breast cancer or independent breast cancer and are the most potent phytoestrogen inhibitors of aromatase
• can potentially contribute to breast cancer prevention and treatment either by antioxidant or apoptotic activity
• found to scavenge free radicals that can damage macromolecules, including DNA
• interfere with biotransformation enzymes and efflux transporters, possibly preventing the activation of pro-carcinogenic chemicals and promoting their excretion from the body
• regulate proliferation, DNA repair, or activation of pathways leading to apoptosis in case of irreversible DNA damage
• the bioavailability of flavonoids is low due to limited absorption, extensive metabolism and rapid excretion
• flavonoid supplements may affect the action of anticoagulants and increase the toxicity of a wide range of drugs when taken concurrently
• higher intake reported to significantly reduced risk of breast cancer, especially in post-menopausal women
• inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells through apoptosis and inhibit breast cancer proliferation

Breast Cancer and Flavonoids as Treatment Strategy
Breast cancer and flavonoids – a role in prevention
Flavonoids
Flavones inhibit breast cancer proliferation through the Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway
Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies
Flavonoids and Breast Cancer Risk in Italy
Phytoestrogens and breast cancer –promoters or protectors?

I3C (indole-3-carbinol) and it’s metabolite DIM (3,3’-diindolylmethane)

• I3C suppresses the proliferation of various cancer cell lines, including breast cancer cells and is shown to induce apoptosis in the breast cancer cells
• both in situ and in vivo studies point to a role for I3C as a chemo-protective agent in breast cancer
• has the potential to modulate the metabolism of oestrogen, and, through this, it may lower the risk of hormone-dependent cancers
• I3C inhibited tumour invasion and metastasis
• combinations of I3C and the anti-oestrogen tamoxifen cooperate to inhibit the growth of the oestrogen-dependent human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line more effectively than either agent alone
• there is growing evidence that phytoestrogens could have a protective effect on the initiation or progression of breast cancer by inhibiting the local production of oestrogens from circulating precursors in breast tissue

Indole-3-carbinol: a plant hormone combatting cancer
Indole-3-Carbinol and Tamoxifen Cooperate to Arrest the Cell Cycle of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells
The indole-3-carbinol cyclic tetrameric derivative CTet inhibits cell proliferation via overexpression of p21/CDKN1A in both estrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines
Suppression of breast cancer invasion and migration by indole-3-carbinol: associated with up-regulation of BRCA1 and E-cadherin/catenin complexes
Phytoestrogens and breast cancer –promoters or protectors?

Gingerols

• shown to mediate anti-tumour activity
• 6-gingerol is shown to inhibit cell adhesion, invasion, motility and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines
• 10-gingerol significantly inhibits metastasis to multiple organs
• 10-gingerol treatment inhibited cell proliferation through down-regulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins and subsequent induction of G1 phase arrest
• 10-gingerol was able to inhibit cell adhesion, migration, invasion and to induce apoptosis more effectively in TNBC (triple negative breast cancer) cells, when compared to non-tumour cells, demonstrating that these mechanisms can be involved in the anti-tumour and anti-metastatic effects of 10-gingerol, found both in 3D culture and in vivo
• findings demonstrate the pharmacological roles of 10-gingerol in regulating breast cancer cell growth and progression
• a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer
• results indicate a potential for 10-gingerol as an anti-tumour molecule or as an adjuvant for chemotherapeutics already used in the clinic
• 10-gingerol may be a safe and useful complementary therapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer

[10]-gingerol induces apoptosis and inhibits metastatic dissemination of triple negative breast cancer in vivo
10-Gingerol inhibits proliferation and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through suppression of Akt and p38MAPK activity
10-Gingerol as an inducer of apoptosis through HTR1A in cumulus cells: In-vitro and in-silico studies
Gingers and Their Purified Components as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents

Kaempferol

• inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells by destroying the cell cycle
• could also inhibit the absorption of lactic acid in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, leading to cancer cell death
• shown to inhibit migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and increase the apoptosis of breast cancer cells
• effectively inhibits the metastatic behaviour of breast cancer caused by endogenous oestrogen and exogenous heterologous compounds
• inhibits cell proliferation

The mechanism of anticancer action and potential clinical use of kaempferol in the treatment of breast cancer

LECTIN (Agaricus bisporus lectin, ABL)

• inhibits cancer cells proliferation by blocking their growth
• cytotoxic activity against human tumour cells

The effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricales mushrooms and other medicinal fungi on breast cancer: Evidence-based medicine
Lectins from the Edible Mushroom Agaricus bisporus and Their Therapeutic Potentials

Lignans

• in postmenopausal women can cause the body to produce less active forms of oestrogen which is believed to potentially reduce breast cancer risk
• may help suppress breast tumour growth and spread, even for ER- cancer cells suggesting that they may have anti-cancer benefits that are unrelated to any type of effect on oestrogen or oestrogen metabolism
• higher intake contributes to a significant reduction in breast cancer risk,  specially in postmenopausal women and is associated with significantly lower postmenopausal breast cancer mortality
• breast cancer survivors with higher levels of lignans in their bloodstream and on their diet seem to survive for a significantly longer period of time
• reduced BC risk may be related to a reduction in inflammation as the presence of large amounts of lignans can lead to a decrease in several inflammatory markers
• lignans in the diet are associated with less aggressive tumour characteristics in women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, meaning, women who have already been eating lignans at the time of diagnosis seem to have tumours that are less aggressive
• studies reveal that flaxseed combined with tamoxifen can reduce tumour size to a greater extent than taking tamoxifen alone
• 95% of lignans in flaxseed are made of the predominant secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). SDG is converted into enterolactone and enterodiol, both with anti-oestrogen activity and structurally similar to oestrogen; they can bind to cell receptors, decreasing cell growth
• it is recommended that human intake of flaxseed should be through diet only and not supplementation. No more that 2 – 3 tablespoons of ground flaxseed should be eaten per day

Flaxseeds and Breast Cancer
The Effect of Flaxseed in Breast Cancer: A Literature Review
Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil combined with tamoxifen treatment affects MCF-7 tumor growth through estrogen receptor- and growth factor-signaling pathways
Lignans and Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination, Reduce Human Breast Cancer Cell Adhesion, Invasion and Migration in vitro

Luteolin

• phytochemical with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects
• helps to reduce risk of breast cancer
• inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells through apoptotic cell death
• significantly inhibits breast cancer cell survival, cell cycle and decreases tumour survival, invasion and angiogenesis
• inhibits the progression and metastasis of breast cancer in a dose-dependent manner through suppressing cell cycles, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting migration and EMT of breast cancer cells. These effects of luteolin are achieved through multiple signalling pathways
• shown to sensitise cancer cells to therapeutic-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses oestrogen-induced cancer cells proliferation
• enhances Paclitaxel (Taxol)-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer
• an outstanding therapeutic potential of luteolin in the treatment of breast cancer has been recorded not just as a chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic agent yet complemented by its synergistic effects with other anticancer therapies such as cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and NSAID such as celecoxib, and possible underlying mechanisms
• could reduce the risk of developing metastasis originating from triple-negative breast cancer

Luteolin: Anti-breast cancer Effects and Mechanisms
Luteolin Inhibits Breast Cancer Development and Progression In Vitroand In Vivo by Suppressing Notch Signaling and Regulating MiRNAs
Flavones inhibit breast cancer proliferation through the Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway
Luteolin enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by blocking STAT3
Luteolin exerts anti-tumor activity through the suppression of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated pathway in MDA-MB-231 ER-negative breast cancer cells
Luteolin attenuates doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
Apoptosis induced by luteolin in breast cancer: Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives
Natural compound could improve treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Lycopene

• inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest in different phases, and increases apoptosis in human breast cancer lines
• shown to inhibit invasion and migration of human breast cancer cells
• proposed to be protective against cancer through various properties including decreased lipid oxidation, and most notably potent antioxidant properties, increased gap-junctional communication, interferences in insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signalling pathways
• heat processing enhances the nutritional value of lycopene in tomatoes by increasing the lycopene content
• ingestion of cooked tomato in oil medium increases human serum lycopene levels more than consumption of unprocessed tomato juice

Lycopene and Beta-carotene Induce Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Lycopene Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion and Migration of Human Breast Cancer Cells
Lycopene in Cancer Prevention
Lycopene Bioavailability and Its Effects on Health

Melatonin

• several prospective studies have demonstrated the inverse correlation between melatonin metabolites and the risk of breast cancer
• shown to significantly suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis
• different mechanisms of melatonin’s anticancer effects were identified successively, such as inducing apoptosis, anti-oestrogenic effect through ERα-signalling pathway and inhibiting aromatase activity, modulation of melatonin receptors, and inhibition on invasion and angiogenesis
• through a series of apoptosis pathways and interactions with the immune system, chemotherapy, and anti-cancer drugs, melatonin can help increase tumour regression in cancer patients
• the impressive efficacy and safety of melatonin support it as a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of several cancers, such as breast cancer
• could be utilised as adjuvant of cancer therapies, through enhancing the therapeutic effects and reducing the side effects of chemotherapies or radiation and might help improving the sleep and life quality of cancer patients
• shown to induce many positive effects to protect the body and cells from damage, but improper administration can culminate in hazardous effects, including the stimulation of tumour growth

Co-administering Melatonin With an Estradiol-Progesterone Menopausal Hormone Therapy Represses Mammary Cancer Development in a Mouse Model of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of cancer
The Role of Melatonin in Cancer Development
Melatonin and breast cancer: Evidences from preclinical and human studies

Myricetin

• decreased the viability of human mammary carcinoma cells, including triple-negative breast cancer cells
• myricetin-loaded nanostructured lipid careers delivery system could be a promising strategy to enhance the effect of anticancer agents such as docetaxel on breast cancer
• suppresses breast cancer metastasis through down-regulating the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9
• shown to inhibit the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells
• myricetin-treated triple-negative breast cancer cells showed evidence of early and late apoptosis/necrosis
• the effect of myricetin was comparable to epigallocatechin gallate and doxorubicin, and greater than resveratrol and cisplatinthe potent anti-breast cancer effect of myricetin argues in favour of further investigation of myricetin as a potential breast cancer therapeutic

The dietary phytochemical myricetin induces ROS-dependent breast cancer cell death
Myricetin-induced apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells is mediated by the iron-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from hydrogen peroxide
Sensitization of MDA-MBA231 breast cancer cell to docetaxel by myricetin loaded into biocompatible lipid nanoparticles via sub-G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism
Myricetin suppresses breast cancer metastasis through down-regulating the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9

Naringenin

• anti-cancer, anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic effects have been ascribed to this metabolite, mostly linked to its ability to repair DNA
• naringenin treatment altered the biochemical and antioxidant parameters related to inflammation necessary for anticancer activity
•  represents an attractive therapeutic candidate for the prevention of breast cancer metastasis, although it has no benefit for the primary tumour. The combination of naringenin with radiation or peptide vaccine might provide new therapeutic strategies to treat cancer progression and metastasis
• this bioflavonoid is poorly absorbed by oral ingestion, with only 15% of ingested naringenin absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract

The Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin: A Review of Clinical Trials
Naringenin prevents TGF-β1 secretion from breast cancer and suppresses pulmonary metastasis by inhibiting PKC activation
Breast Cancer and Flavonoids as Treatment Strategy
Naringenin inhibits migration of breast cancer cells via inflammatory and apoptosis cell signaling pathways

PHLOretin

• induces apoptosis in various human cancer cells, including breast cancer
• slows down the migration of human breast cancer
• shown to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer
• may enhance the effect of commercial chemotherapeutic drugs such as Paclitaxel

Biochemical Basis of Anti-Cancer-Effects of Phloretin—A Natural Dihydrochalcone
Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds
The apple polyphenol phloretin inhibits breast cancer cell migration and proliferation via inhibition of signals by type 2 glucose transporter

Polyacetylenes – Falcarinol, Falcarindiol (FAD)

• dietary polyacetylenes of the falcarinol type are inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2)
• Falcarinol type compounds such as those found in carrots and parsley may support the delivery of drug compounds which fight breast cancer by addressing the over-expression of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2), a protein that leads to some malignant tissues ability to become resistant to chemotherapy
• FAD shows the cytotoxicity against breast cancers

The Antitumor Natural Compound Falcarindiol Disrupts Neural Stem Cell Homeostasis by Suppressing Notch Pathway
Dietary polyacetylenes of the falcarinol type are inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2)
Natural plant compounds may assist chemotherapy

Quercetin

• exhibits anticancer properties both in vivo and in vitro
• inhibits breast cancer stem cells
• suppresses breast cancer stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, and invasiveness and lowers the expression levels of proteins related to tumour genesis and cancer progression
• was found to induce the apoptosis of all the tested cancer cell lines
• increases the chemo sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Doxorubicin
• targets and destroys breast cancer stem cells, making it a potential novel drug in the fight against cancer
• early studies showed that quercetin together with apigenin were potent inhibitors of aromatase in human placental microsomes
• of the flavones, quercertin and apigenin have been the most widely studied, and reports generally show that both compounds inhibit E2-induced DNA synthesis and proliferation of ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells

Quercetin Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cells via Downregulation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4), Mucin 1 (MUC1), and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM)
Anticancer and apoptosis‑inducing effects of quercetin in vitro and in vivo
The Effect of Quercetin on Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Quercetin Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cells via Downregulation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4), Mucin 1 (MUC1), and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM)
Phytoestrogens and breast cancer –promoters or protectors?
Apple as a Source of Dietary Phytonutrients: Bioavailability and Evidence of Protective Effects against Human Cardiovascular Disease
Phytoestrogens Are Potent Inhibitors of Estrogen Sulfation: Implications for Breast Cancer Risk and Treatment
Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds

6-Shogaols

• inhibit breast cancer cell invasion by modulation of notch signalling pathway
• induce autophagic cell death
• decrease cancer development and progression
• show significant anticancer effects on breast cells in vitro and in vivo by targeting the CCL2 secreted by TADCs
• potential immunotherapeutic agent for cancers

Gingers and Their Purified Components as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents
6-Shogaol Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells and Stem Cell-Like Spheroids by Modulation of Notch Signaling Pathway and Induction of Autophagic Cell Death
6-Shogaol, an active constituent of ginger, inhibits breast cancer cell invasion by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via blockade of nuclear factor-κB activation
6-Shogaol, an Active Constituent of Dietary Ginger, Impairs Cancer Development and Lung Metastasis by Inhibiting the Secretion of CC-Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) in Tumor-Associated Dendritic Cells

Sulforaphane

• shown to suppress the growth of triple negative breast cancer stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo
• induces cell cycle arrest in cancer cells
• inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis
• inhibits breast cancer stem cell targets in triple negative and Trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers
• potential anticancer agent

Sulforaphane Decrease of SERTAD1 Expression Triggers G1/S Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells.
Sulforaphane Suppresses the Growth of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Stem-like Cells In vitro and In vivo
Sulforaphane Impacts Invasion Capacity and Proliferation of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells Grown in the Presence of Tumor-associated Macrophages (P05-003-19)
Ellagic acid, sulforaphane, and ursolic acid in the prevention and therapy of breast cancer: current evidence and future perspectives
The Natural Product Sulforaphane Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cell Targets in Triple Negative and Trastuzumab-resistant Breast Cancers.
Breast Cancer Prevention-Is there a Future for Sulforaphane and Its Analogs?
Deciphering the Nutraceutical Potential of Raphanus sativus—A Comprehensive Overview

Ursolic acid

• anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic effects in several human breast cancer cells
• induces autophagy and apoptosis, and suppresses inflammatory responses
• shown to reverse the chemo resistance of breast cancer cells to Paclitaxel
• has the ability to inhibit breast cancer proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, arrest cell cycle, scavenge free radicals and regulate several anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins
• suppresses the migration and metastasis of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line

Ursolic acid a promising candidate in the therapeutics of breast cancer: Current status and future implications
Anticancer effect of ursolic acid via mitochondria‑dependent pathways (Review)
Ursolic acid inhibits breast cancer growth by inhibiting proliferation, inducing autophagy and apoptosis, and suppressing inflammatory responses via the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways in vitro
Ursolic Acid Reverses the Chemoresistance of Breast Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel by Targeting MiRNA-149-5p/MyD88
Ursolic acid, a potential anticancer compound for breast cancer therapy
Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds